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Sunday, September 29, 2013
Friday, September 27, 2013
Reasons Why We Forget
By Kendra Cherry, About.com Guide
What are some of the major reasons why we forget information? One of today's best known memory researchers, Elizabeth Loftus, has identified four major reasons why people forget: retrieval failure, interference, failure to store, and motivated forgetting.
1. Retrieval Failure
Image: Courtney Icenhour
Have you ever felt like a piece of information has just vanished from memory? Or maybe you know that it's there, you just can't seem to find it. The inability to retrieve a memory is one of the most common causes of forgetting.
So why are we often unable to retrieve information from memory. One possible explanation retrieval failure is known as decay theory.According to this theory, a memory trace is created every time a new theory is formed. Decay theory suggests that over time, these memory traces begin to fade and disappear. If information is not retrieved and rehearsed, it will eventually be lost.
One problem with this theory, however, is that research has demonstrated that even memories which have not been rehearsed or remembered are remarkably stable in long-term memory.
2. Interferance
Another theory known as interference theory suggests that some memories compete and interfere with other memories. When information is very similar to other information that was previously stored in memory, interference is more likely to occur.
There are two basic types of interference:
- Proactive interference is when an old memory makes it more difficult or impossible to remember a new memory.
- Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with your ability to remember previously learned information.
3. Failure to Store
Sometimes, losing information has less to do with forgetting and more to do with the fact that it never made it into long-term memory in the first place. Encoding failures sometimes prevent information from entering long-term memory.
In one well-known experiment, researchers asked participants to identify the correct U.S. penny out of a group of incorrect pennies (Nickerson & Adams). Try doing this experiment yourself by attempting to draw a penny from memory, and then compare your results to an actual penny.
How well did you do? Chances are that you were able to remember the shape and color, but you probably forgot other minor details. The reason for this is that only details necessary for distinguishing pennies from other coins were encoded into your long-term memory.
4. Motivated Forgetting
Sometimes, we may actively work to forget memories, especially those of traumatic or disturbing events or experiences. The two basic forms of motivated forgetting are: suppression, a conscious form of forgetting, and repression, an unconscious form of forgetting.
However, the concept of repressed memories is not universally accepted by all psychologists. One of the problems with repressed memories is that it is difficult, if not impossible, to scientifically study whether or not a memory has been repressed. Also note that mental activities such as rehearsal and remembering are important ways of strengthening a memory, and memories of painful or traumatic life events are far less likely to be remembered, discussed, or rehearsed.
Top 10 Memory Improvement Tips
Do you find yourself forgetting where you left your keys or blanking out information on important tests? Fortunately, there are things that you can do to help improve your memory. Before your next big exam, be sure to check out some of these tried and tested techniques for improving memory. These strategies have been established within cognitive psychology literature to improve memory, enhance recall and increase retention of information.
1. Focus your attention on the materials you are studying.
Image: ddpavumba / freedigitalphotos.net
Attention is one of the major components of memory. In order for information to move from short-term memory into long-term memory, you need to actively attend to this information. Try to study in a place free of distractions such as television, music and other diversions.
2. Avoid cramming by establishing regular study sessions.
According to Bjork (2001), studying materials over a number of session's gives you the time you need to adequately process the information. Research has shown that students who study regularly remember the material far better than those who do all of their studying in one marathon session.3. Structure and organize the information you are studying.
Researchers have found that information is organized in memory in related clusters. You can take advantage of this by structuring and organizing the materials you are studying. Try grouping similar concepts and terms together, or make an outline of your notes and textbook readings to help group related concepts.4. Utilize mnemonic devices to remember information.
Mnemonic devices are a technique often used by students to aid in recall. A mnemonic is simply a way to remember information. For example, you might associate a term you need to remember with a common item that you are very familiar with. The best mnemonics are those that utilize positive imagery, humor or novelty. You might come up with a rhyme, song or joke to help remember a specific segment of information.5. Elaborate and rehearse the information you are studying.
In order to recall information, you need to encode what you are studying into long-term memory. One of the most effective encoding techniques is known as elaborative rehearsal. An example of this technique would be to read the definition of a key term, study the definition of that term and then read a more detailed description of what that term means. After repeating this process a few times, you'll probably notice that recalling the information is much easier.6. Relate new information to things you already know.
When you are studying unfamiliar material, take the time to think about how this information relates to things that you already know. By establishing relationships between new ideas and previously existing memories, you can dramatically increase the likelihood of recalling the recently learned information.7. Visualize concepts to improve memory and recall.
Many people benefit greatly from visualizing the information they study. Pay attention to the photographs, charts and other graphics in your textbooks. If you do not have visual cues to help, try creating your own. Draw charts or figures in the margins of your notes or use highlighters or pens in different colors to group related ideas in your written study materials.8. Teach new concepts to another person.
Research suggests that reading materials out loud significantly improves memory of the material. Educators and psychologists have also discovered that having students actuallyteach new concepts to others enhances understanding and recall. You can use this approach in your own studies by teaching new concepts and information to a friend or study partner.9. Pay extra attention to difficult information.
Have you ever noticed how it's sometimes easier to remember information at the beginning or end of a chapter? Researchers have found that the order of information can play a role in recall, which is known as the serial position effect. While recalling middle information can be difficult, you can overcome this problem by spending extra time rehearsing this information. Another strategy is to try restructuring what you have learned so it will be easier to remember. When you come across an especially difficult concept, devote some extra time to memorizing the information.10. Vary your study routine.
Another great way to increase your recall is to occasionally change your study routine. If you are accustomed to studying in one specific location, try moving to a different spot during your next study session. If you study in the evening, try spending a few minutes each morning reviewing the information you studied the previous night. By adding an element of novelty to your study sessions, you can increase the effectiveness of your efforts and significantly improve your long-term recall.
Tuesday, September 24, 2013
Tuesday, September 10, 2013
Ranchi Toppers of ICSE Board 2013 in Std X
| Sl No | Name of the students | Name of the school | Percentage | City Rank |
| 1 | Shashank shekhar | St Xavier Ranchi | 97.6 | 1 |
| 2 | Prachi Kumari Khetan | St Francis , harmu | 97.4 | 2 |
| 3 | Prakriti Anand | Loreto Convent | 97.4 | 2 |
| 4 | Shivangi Ranjan | Bishops Girls , Doranda | 97.2 | 3 |
| 5 | Devashish Gautam | St Thomas School | 97.2 | 3 |
| 6 | Mohit Kumar | St. Francis , harmu | 96.8 | 4 |
| 7 | Amit Ghosh | St Xavier Ranchi | 96.8 | 4 |
| 8 | Jaya Anand | Loreto Convent | 96.8 | 4 |
| 9 | Shweta Jha | Sacred heart school | 96.6 | 5 |
| 10 | Mayank Kumar | St Thomas School | 96.4 | 6 |
| 11 | Ojasvi Dubey | St Thomas School | 96.4 | 6 |
| 12 | Saurabh Srijan | St Thomas School | 96.4 | 6 |
| 13 | Shamina Hyder | Sacred heart school | 96.4 | 6 |
| 14 | Kuhu Raj | Sacred heart school | 96.4 | 6 |
| 15 | Aishwarya Thakur | Loreto Convent | 96.2 | 7 |
| 16 | Sadaf Firdaus | Bishops Girls , Doranda | 96.2 | 7 |
| 17 | Hritika sagar | St Francis , harmu | 96.2 | 7 |
| 18 | Deepa Kumari | Bishops Girls , Doranda | 96 | 8 |
| 19 | Anuja Priya | St Thomas School | 96 | 8 |
| 20 | Hritwik Rohan | St Thomas School | 96 | 8 |
| 21 | Shubham Raj | St Thomas School | 96 | 8 |
| 22 | Nishant Aishwarya | St Thomas School | 95.8 | 9 |
| 23 | Snighda Komal | Sacred heart school | 95.8 | 9 |
Monday, September 2, 2013
IIM Calcutta Announces Selection Criteria for CAT 2013 (2014-2016 Batch)
Now, IIM Bangalore has announced the Selection Criteria for its batch of 2014-2016 that is to be selected after CAT 2013. The minimum percentiles for PGP course according to Sections as well as according to different categories have been laid out. Candidates who secure less than the following will not be considered for the next stage.
This is how it was done for CAT 2012 and a similar process will be done for CAT 2013.
The previous academic scores of the remaining candidates will now be taken into consideration. Just as was the case with IIM Lucknow, IIM Bangalore will be taking your percentile score in your respective board into consideration. This would neutralize any board related advantages. This is done for the 10th and 12th scores.
IIM Bangalore mentions that it would be adjusting graduation scores within their respective categories in order to arrive at an adjusted score. For professional courses, Chartered Accountancy, Cost Accounting and Company Secretary certifications are given extra weights under professional courses.
Weightage is also given to work experience with the best score for work experience of 36 months. What’s unique here is the quality of work experience. IIM Bangalore will give points between 0 to 2 for the quality of your work experience. Check the image for details:
The maximum score for work experience or the professional course score is 10. 
Apart from work experience or professional course weightage, the remaining weights for the other 4 components (standardized) are CAT : 20, 10th: 15, 12th: 10, Bachelors: 15. So, no question of injustice here as all academic scores will be standardized. Based on the 5 components (CAT, 10th score, 12th score, Bachelors score and Work Ex/ Professional Course weightage), pre-PI list will be created. One interesting thing to be noted here is the point 9. In the shortlist (Pre-PI) that has been created, top 10 students in each sectional (Section 1 and Section 2) and aggregate CAT Score, as well as top 10 students in adjusted 10th, 12th, bachelors and professional course will be automatically qualified for PI based on their excellent scores.
Enough students from this list will then be called for phase II where students will then be scored on these components: i. Note Content ii. Note Style iii. Personal Interview iv. Review of Work Experience All candidates will have to provide three confidential reference letters from previous employers or faculty. Check image below for more details.
The work experience score (0 to 5 till now) will then be multiplied with a multiplication score based on the quality of the work experience on a 5 point scale (0-0.5-1-1.5-2) taking the maximum possible score on work experience to 10. So, for example, if you have 36 months of work experience and get 5 point on the same and your work ex. quality is given a score of 1.5 during the PI, your total score would be 7.5 on work experience.
As you can see in point 14 shown in the image above, the weights for note content (7.5), note style (7.5), personal interview (20) will be added to the pre-PI total and a final score will be made. Candidates will be called on the base of this final score. Check the notification on IIM Bangalore Website by Clicking HEREBest of Luck!! What are your views on the Shortlisting Criteria used by IIM Bangalore? Let us know in the comments. (Special Thanks to Vishal Kumra for notifying CareerAnna about the update)
Weightage is also given to work experience with the best score for work experience of 36 months. What’s unique here is the quality of work experience. IIM Bangalore will give points between 0 to 2 for the quality of your work experience. Check the image for details:The maximum score for work experience or the professional course score is 10. Apart from work experience or professional course weightage, the remaining weights for the other 4 components (standardized) are CAT : 20, 10th: 15, 12th: 10, Bachelors: 15. So, no question of injustice here as all academic scores will be standardized. Based on the 5 components (CAT, 10th score, 12th score, Bachelors score and Work Ex/ Professional Course weightage), pre-PI list will be created. One interesting thing to be noted here is the point 9. In the shortlist (Pre-PI) that has been created, top 10 students in each sectional (Section 1 and Section 2) and aggregate CAT Score, as well as top 10 students in adjusted 10th, 12th, bachelors and professional course will be automatically qualified for PI based on their excellent scores.Enough students from this list will then be called for phase II where students will then be scored on these components: i. Note Content ii. Note Style iii. Personal Interview iv. Review of Work Experience All candidates will have to provide three confidential reference letters from previous employers or faculty. Check image below for more details.The work experience score (0 to 5 till now) will then be multiplied with a multiplication score based on the quality of the work experience on a 5 point scale (0-0.5-1-1.5-2) taking the maximum possible score on work experience to 10. So, for example, if you have 36 months of work experience and get 5 point on the same and your work ex. quality is given a score of 1.5 during the PI, your total score would be 7.5 on work experience.As you can see in point 14 shown in the image above, the weights for note content (7.5), note style (7.5), personal interview (20) will be added to the pre-PI total and a final score will be made. Candidates will be called on the base of this final score. Check the notification on IIM Bangalore Website by Clicking HEREBest of Luck!! What are your views on the Shortlisting Criteria used by IIM Bangalore? Let us know in the comments. (Special Thanks to Vishal Kumra for notifying CareerAnna about the update)
IIM Bangalore Announces Selection Criteria for CAT 2013 (2014-2016 Batch)
Now, IIM Bangalore has announced the Selection Criteria for its batch of 2014-2016 that is to be selected after CAT 2013. The minimum percentiles for PGP course according to Sections as well as according to different categories have been laid out. Candidates who secure less than the following will not be considered for the next stage.
This is how it was done for CAT 2012 and a similar process will be done for CAT 2013.
The previous academic scores of the remaining candidates will now be taken into consideration. Just as was the case with IIM Lucknow, IIM Bangalore will be taking your percentile score in your respective board into consideration. This would neutralize any board related advantages. This is done for the 10th and 12th scores.
IIM Bangalore mentions that it would be adjusting graduation scores within their respective categories in order to arrive at an adjusted score. For professional courses, Chartered Accountancy, Cost Accounting and Company Secretary certifications are given extra weights under professional courses.Weightage is also given to work experience with the best score for work experience of 36 months. What’s unique here is the quality of work experience. IIM Bangalore will give points between 0 to 2 for the quality of your work experience. Check the image for details:The maximum score for work experience or the professional course score is 10. Apart from work experience or professional course weightage, the remaining weights for the other 4 components (standardized) are CAT : 20, 10th: 15, 12th: 10, Bachelors: 15. So, no question of injustice here as all academic scores will be standardized. Based on the 5 components (CAT, 10th score, 12th score, Bachelors score and Work Ex/ Professional Course weightage), pre-PI list will be created. One interesting thing to be noted here is the point 9. In the shortlist (Pre-PI) that has been created, top 10 students in each sectional (Section 1 and Section 2) and aggregate CAT Score, as well as top 10 students in adjusted 10th, 12th, bachelors and professional course will be automatically qualified for PI based on their excellent scores.Enough students from this list will then be called for phase II where students will then be scored on these components: i. Note Content ii. Note Style iii. Personal Interview iv. Review of Work Experience All candidates will have to provide three confidential reference letters from previous employers or faculty. Check image below for more details.The work experience score (0 to 5 till now) will then be multiplied with a multiplication score based on the quality of the work experience on a 5 point scale (0-0.5-1-1.5-2) taking the maximum possible score on work experience to 10. So, for example, if you have 36 months of work experience and get 5 point on the same and your work ex. quality is given a score of 1.5 during the PI, your total score would be 7.5 on work experience.As you can see in point 14 shown in the image above, the weights for note content (7.5), note style (7.5), personal interview (20) will be added to the pre-PI total and a final score will be made. Candidates will be called on the base of this final score. Check the notification on IIM Bangalore Website by Clicking HEREBest of Luck!! What are your views on the Shortlisting Criteria used by IIM Bangalore? Let us know in the comments. (Special Thanks to Vishal Kumra for notifying CareerAnna about the update)
Weightage is also given to work experience with the best score for work experience of 36 months. What’s unique here is the quality of work experience. IIM Bangalore will give points between 0 to 2 for the quality of your work experience. Check the image for details:The maximum score for work experience or the professional course score is 10. Apart from work experience or professional course weightage, the remaining weights for the other 4 components (standardized) are CAT : 20, 10th: 15, 12th: 10, Bachelors: 15. So, no question of injustice here as all academic scores will be standardized. Based on the 5 components (CAT, 10th score, 12th score, Bachelors score and Work Ex/ Professional Course weightage), pre-PI list will be created. One interesting thing to be noted here is the point 9. In the shortlist (Pre-PI) that has been created, top 10 students in each sectional (Section 1 and Section 2) and aggregate CAT Score, as well as top 10 students in adjusted 10th, 12th, bachelors and professional course will be automatically qualified for PI based on their excellent scores.Enough students from this list will then be called for phase II where students will then be scored on these components: i. Note Content ii. Note Style iii. Personal Interview iv. Review of Work Experience All candidates will have to provide three confidential reference letters from previous employers or faculty. Check image below for more details.The work experience score (0 to 5 till now) will then be multiplied with a multiplication score based on the quality of the work experience on a 5 point scale (0-0.5-1-1.5-2) taking the maximum possible score on work experience to 10. So, for example, if you have 36 months of work experience and get 5 point on the same and your work ex. quality is given a score of 1.5 during the PI, your total score would be 7.5 on work experience.As you can see in point 14 shown in the image above, the weights for note content (7.5), note style (7.5), personal interview (20) will be added to the pre-PI total and a final score will be made. Candidates will be called on the base of this final score. Check the notification on IIM Bangalore Website by Clicking HEREBest of Luck!! What are your views on the Shortlisting Criteria used by IIM Bangalore? Let us know in the comments. (Special Thanks to Vishal Kumra for notifying CareerAnna about the update)IIM Ahmedabad Announces Selection Criteria for CAT 2013 (2014-2016 Batch)
IMPORTANT NOTE: IIM Ahmedabad will be shortlisting top 50 candidates or 1% students, whichever is less, with highest scores from the 5 academic categories shown in the image below and they will be called for the WA-PI stage directly (Only those who meet the minimum cut-off). The 5 academic categories are shown below. The final selection of these students too will be done based on the Aggregate score (mentioned below).
IIM Ahmedabad will be shortlisting top 50 candidates or 1% students, whichever is less, with highest scores from the 5 academic categories shown in the image below and they will be called for the WA-PI stage directly (Only those who meet the minimum cut-off). The 5 academic categories are shown below. The final selection of these students too will be done based on the Aggregate score (mentioned below).
For the remaining students, an application rating system would be laid down based on their academic scores in Xth, XIIth and Graduation as shown in the image below:
The rating received will then be replaced in the following formula:
AR=0.5*A+1.5*B+2.5*C
This will give your application rating score (ARS).
As can be seen from the formula, your graduation scores have been given the most importance.
Your composite score will then be calculated with the help of your CAT Score and your Application Rating Score according to the following formula:
Composite Score= (Obtained CAT score /450) * 0.7 + (AR/45)*0.3
The students will then be selected on the basis of this composite score for the WA-PI stage.
In the second step, after the completion of written analysis and personal interviews (WA-PIs) of all candidates short-listed in the first step, candidates for admission to the 2014-16 batch of the PGP at IIM Ahmedabad are selected from among the candidates who have attended the WA-PI.
The WA-PI Score is based on the following: performance in the written analysis, personal interview, verifiable awards and recognitions, academic performance, exceptional achievements, extra-curricular activities, post-degree work experience, post-graduation education etc.
Once the process is over, final selection will be done.
For final selection, Aggregate score will be used where 70% weightage will be given to WA-PI score and 30% to Composite Score
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